The interpretation timeline

2Thess 2:15

How this passage has been read — the sources, oldest to newest.

From the early Church Fathers to now.

8 Patristic witnesses · 1 Orthodox witness · 1 Catholic witness · 2 Medieval witnesses

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Patristic before A.D. 750
Irenaeus · c. A.D. 130–202 A.D. 202
“Since therefore we have such proofs, it is not necessary to seek the truth among others which it is easy to obtain from the Church; since the apostles, like a rich man [depositing his money] in a bank, lodged in her hands most copiously all things pertaining to the truth: so that every man, whosoever will, can draw from her the water of life. For she is the entrance to life; all others are thieves and robbers. On this account are we bound to avoid them, but to make choice of the thing pertaining to the Church with the utmost diligence, and to lay hold of the tradition of the truth. For how stands the case? Suppose there arise a dispute relative to some important question among us, should we not have recourse to the most ancient Churches with which the apostles held constant intercourse, and learn from them what is certain and clear in regard to the present question? For how should it be if the apostles themselves had not left us writings? Would it not be necessary, [in that case,] to follow the course of the tradition which they handed down to those to whom they did commit the Churches? To which course many nations of those barbarians who believe in Christ do assent, having salvation written in their hearts by the Spirit, without paper or ink, and, carefully preserving the ancient tradition, believing in one God, the Creator of heaven and earth, and all things therein, by means of Christ Jesus, the Son of God; who, because of His surpassing love towards His creation, condescended to be born of the virgin, He Himself uniting man through Himself to God, and having suffered under Pontius Pilate, and rising again, and having been received up in splendour, shall come in glory, the Saviour of those who are saved, and the Judge of those who are judged, and sending into eternal fire those who transform the truth, and despise His Father and His advent. Those who, in the absence of written documents, have believed this faith, are barbarians, so far as regards our language; but as regards doctrine, manner, and tenor of life, they are, because of faith, very wise indeed; and they do please God, ordering their conversation in all righteousness, chastity, and wisdom. If any one were to preach to these men the inventions of the heretics, speaking to them in their own language, they would at once stop their ears, and flee as far off as possible, not enduring even to listen to the blasphemous address. Thus, by means of that ancient tradition of the apostles, they do not suffer their mind to conceive anything of the [doctrines suggested by the] portentous language of these teachers, among whom neither Church nor doctrine has ever been established.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (Against Heresies Book 3) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Tertullian · c. A.D. 150–220 A.D. 220
“And so they upbraid the discipline of monogamy with being a heresy; nor is there any other cause whence they find themselves compelled to deny the Paraclete more than the fact that they esteem Him to be the institutor of a novel discipline, and a discipline which they find most harsh: so that this is already the first ground on which we must join issue in a general handling (of the subject), whether there is room for maintaining that the Paraclete has taught any such thing as can either be charged with novelty, in opposition to catholic tradition, or with burdensomeness, in opposition to the "light burden" of the Lord.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (On Monogamy) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Tertullian · c. A.D. 150–220 A.D. 220
“"When I was a child," he says, "as a child I spake, as a child I understood; but when I became a man, those (things) which had been the child's I abandoned: " so truly did he turn away from his early opinions: nor did he sin by becoming an emulator not of ancestral but of Christian traditions, wishing even the precision of them who advised the retention of circumcision.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (On Modesty) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Pope Anterus · d. A.D. 236 A.D. 236
“Therefore, brethren, stand fast and hold the tradition of the apostles and the apostolic seat, "that our Lord Jesus Christ and our Father, which hath loved us, and hath given us everlasting consolation and good hope through grace, may comfort your hearts, and stablish you in every good work and word."”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Basil of Caesarea · c. A.D. 330–379 A.D. 379
“In answer to the objection that the doxology in the form "with the Spirit" has no written authority, we maintain that if there is no other instance of that which is unwritten, then this must not be received. But if the greater number of our mysteries are admitted into our constitution without written authority, then, in company with the many others, let us receive this one. For I hold it apostolic to abide also by the unwritten traditions. "I praise you," it is said, "that you remember me in all things and keep the ordinances as I delivered them to you," and "Hold fast the traditions which you have been taught whether by word or by our epistle."”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (On the Spirit 29.71) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Ambrose of Milan · A.D. 339–397 A.D. 397
“Again, that thou mayest know that the Father is, and the Son is, and that the work of the Father and of the Son is one, follow the saying of the Apostle: "Now may God Himself, and our Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ direct our way unto you." Both Father and Son are named, but there is unity of direction, because unity of power.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (Exposition of the Christian Faith, Book 2) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
John Chrysostom · A.D. 347–407 A.D. 407
“Paul did not instruct Timothy in his duty through letters alone, but also through the spoken word. He shows this, both in many other passages, as where he says, "whether by word or our epistle," and especially here. Let us not, therefore, suppose that Paul spoke anything imperfectly that was related to doctrine. For he delivered many things to Timothy without writing. He reminds him of these when he says, "Hold fast the form of sound words, which you have heard from me." After the manner of artists, I have impressed on you the image of virtue, fixing in your soul a sort of rule, model and outline of all things pleasing to God. Therefore, cling to these things, and whether you are meditating on any matter of faith or love, or of a sound mind, form your ideas from what I have taught you. It will not be necessary to consult others for examples, when all has been deposited within yourself.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (HOMILIES ON SECOND TIMOTHY 3.1) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
John Chrysostom · A.D. 347–407 A.D. 407
“"So then, brethren, stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye were taught, whether by word, or by Epistle of ours." Hence it is manifest, that they did not deliver all things by Epistle, but many things also unwritten, and in like manner both the one and the other are worthy of credit. Therefore let us think the tradition of the Church also worthy of credit. It is a tradition, seek no farther. Here he shows that there were many who were shaken.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (Homily on 2 Thessalonians 4) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
719 years pass — nothing from this stretch is hosted yet
Scholastic c. 1100 – 1500
Theophylact of Ohrid · c. 1055–1107 1126
“From this it is clear that the apostles transmitted much without letters as well, through the word, that is, by living speech, and not only through epistles. Meanwhile, both the one and the other are equally trustworthy. Therefore we must also recognize Church Tradition as trustworthy. There is Tradition — seek nothing more. Here the apostle also shows that there were many who were wavering in the faith.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (Commentary on 2 Thessalonians) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Thomas Aquinas · 1225–1274 1274
“Then when he says, "therefore, brethren", he admonishes them to hold fast the truth. And first he sets out his admonition; second, a prayer, at "now may our Lord Jesus Christ himself." And he does the first because our works depend on free will; but he adds the second because they need the help of grace. And first he admonishes them to stand fast, when he says "stand fast" in the truth. "Stand, and do not be held again under yoke of slavery" (Gal 5:1). Second, he teaches them how to stand, there at "and hold the traditions", i.e., the instructions which have been handed down by the elders. For the instructions given by the younger should sometimes not be followed, namely when they are contrary to the instructions of the faith. "You have made void the commandment of God for your tradition" (Matt 15:6). But those which are ordered to the commands of God should be kept. "Which you have learned." "Paul was teaching that they should hold fast the traditions and instructions which were decreed by the apostles and the elders who were in Jerusalem" (Acts 16:4). And they delivered these traditions in two ways. Some they delivered by words, and so he says, "by word." Others they delivered in writing, and so he adds, "or by our epistle." Hence it is clear that there are many things in the church which were not written and yet were taught by the apostles and so must be followed. For there were many things which the apostles judged were best hidden, as Dionysius says. Hence the Apostle says: "the rest I will arrange when I come" (1 Cor 11:34).”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 (Commentary on 2 Thessalonians) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Undated date unknown
Thietland of Einsiedeln · c. A.D. 945
“and who has given us an everlasting consolation For He is their Fater, He consoles them, and they cannot be his sons without consolation. And because there is consolation in prosperous lands, Paul adds "eternal" so that he might separate earthly consolation from that which is in eternal things. and good hope in grace Becase there is hope in prperous times, he added "good" so that he might separate earthly hope from that which is in heavenly things.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on 2Thess 2:15 PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗

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