The interpretation timeline

John 19:16

How this passage has been read — the sources, oldest to newest.

From the early Church Fathers to now.

8 Patristic witnesses · 1 Orthodox witness · 1 Medieval witness

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Patristic before A.D. 750
John Chrysostom · A.D. 347–407 A.D. 407
“(Hom. lxxxv. 1) They compel Jesus to bear the cross, regarding it as unholy, and therefore avoiding the touch of it themselves. And He bearing His cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in Hebrew Golgotha, where they crucified Him. The same was done typically by Isaac, who carried the wood. But then the matter only proceeded as far as his father’s good pleasure ordered, but now it was fully accomplished, for the reality had appeared.”
Catena Aurea: Gospel of John, as excerpted in the Catena Aurea on John 19:16-18 PD · J. H. Newman (Oxford, 1845) ↗
John Chrysostom · A.D. 347–407 A.D. 407
“(Hom. lxxxv. 1) They crucified Him with the thieves: And two others with Him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst; thus fulfilling the prophecy, And He was numbered with the transgressors. (Isa. 53:12) What they did in wickedness, was a gain to the truth. The devil wished to obscure what was done, but could not. Though three were nailed on the cross, it was evident that Jesus alone did the miracles; and the arts of the devil were frustrated. Nay, they even added to His glory; for to convert a thief on the cross, and bring him into paradise, was no less a miracle than the rending of the rocks.”
Catena Aurea: Gospel of John, as excerpted in the Catena Aurea on John 19:16-18 PD · J. H. Newman (Oxford, 1845) ↗
Jerome · c. A.D. 347–420 A.D. 420
“(super Matt. c. xxvii.) An apt connexion, and smooth to the ear, but not true. For the place where they cut off the heads of men condemned to death, called in consequence Calvary, was outside the city gates, whereas we read in the book of Jesus the son of Nave, that Adam was buried by Hebron and Arbah.”
Catena Aurea: Gospel of John, as excerpted in the Catena Aurea on John 19:16-18 PD · J. H. Newman (Oxford, 1845) ↗
Augustine of Hippo · A.D. 354–430 A.D. 430
“(Tr. cxvi) They, i. e. the soldiers, the guards of the governor, as appears more clearly afterwards; Then the soldiers when they had crucified Jesus; though the Evangelist might justly have attributed the whole to the Jews, who were really the authors of what they procured to be done.”
Catena Aurea: Gospel of John, as excerpted in the Catena Aurea on John 19:16-18 PD · J. H. Newman (Oxford, 1845) ↗
Augustine of Hippo · A.D. 354–430 A.D. 430
“(Tract. cxvii) Great spectacle, to the profane a laughing-stock, to the pious a mystery. Profaneness sees a King bearing a cross instead of a sceptre; piety sees a King bearing a cross, thereon to nail Himself, and afterwards to nail it on the foreheads of kings. That to profane eyes was contemptible, which the hearts of Saints would afterwards glory in; Christ displaying His own cross on His shoulders, and bearing that which was not to be put under a bushel, the candlestick of that candle which was now about to burn.”
Catena Aurea: Gospel of John, as excerpted in the Catena Aurea on John 19:16-18 PD · J. H. Newman (Oxford, 1845) ↗
Augustine of Hippo · A.D. 354–430 A.D. 430
“(Tr. xxxi. in fin.) Yea, even the cross, if thou consider it, was a judgment seat: for the Judge being the middle, one thief, who believed, was pardoned, the other, who mocked, was damned: a sign of what He would once do to the quick and dead, place the one on His right hand, the other on His left.”
Catena Aurea: Gospel of John, as excerpted in the Catena Aurea on John 19:16-18 PD · J. H. Newman (Oxford, 1845) ↗
677 years pass — nothing from this stretch is hosted yet
Scholastic c. 1100 – 1500
Theophylact of Ohrid · c. 1055–1107 1107
“But as there Isaac was let go, and a ram offered; so here too the Divine nature remains impassible, but the human, of which the ram was the type, the offspring of that straying ram, was slain. But why does another Evangelist say that they hired Simon to bear the cross?”
Catena Aurea: Gospel of John, as excerpted in the Catena Aurea on John 19:16-18 PD · J. H. Newman (Oxford, 1845) ↗
Undated date unknown

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