The interpretation timeline

Rev 21:8

How this passage has been read — the sources, oldest to newest.

From the early Church Fathers to now.

7 Patristic witnesses · 2 Medieval witnesses

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Patristic before A.D. 750
Tertullian · c. A.D. 150–220 A.D. 220
“In short, this Apocalypse, in its later passages, has assigned "the infamous and fornicators," as well as "the cowardly, and unbelieving, and murderers, and sorcerers, and idolaters," who have been guilty of any such crime while professing the faith, to "the lake of fire," without any conditional condemnation.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on Rev 21:8 (On Modesty) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
417 years pass — nothing from this stretch is hosted yet
Andreas of Caesarea · c. A.D. 563–637 A.D. 637
“The God who thirsts after our salvation urges us in every way, both through kindness and through anger, toward the inheritance of his blessings. He brings now before our eyes the brightness of the heavenly Jerusalem and the dark, painful wrathfulness of the fiery Gehenna, so that whether through a desire for eternal bliss or through fear of unending torment, we might, as there is opportunity, acquire that which is good together with the rest of those in need. He indicates that those who were cowards and deserters in the battle against the devil will be condemned to the second death. May we propitiate him who desires mercy and does not will the death of sinners but their conversion, and so [let us] obtain his gifts by good deeds. To these [gifts] he exhorts us, not only through the enticement of words but also through the enticement of works and sufferings. For it suffices him to encourage toward the good and to discourage from evil, and afterward either to punish or to honor those worthy of glory or punishment. He did not disdain to suffer for us lest by his own power or by his appearance he might harm or disregard anything that pertains to our healing and restoration. Therefore, let us not receive the grace of God in vain, but let us render his beneficence effective by conversion and by the demonstration of good works, so that we might attain to the promised blessings in Christ himself, our God, with whom be glory to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit forever and ever. Amen.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on Rev 21:8 (COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE 21:8) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Bede · A.D. 673–735 A.D. 735
“But for the cowardly, and unbelieving, and abominable, etc. He always mixes harsh warnings with soothing words to instill caution. Thus, Psalm 145, while abundantly declaring the grace of the Lord's mercy, suddenly introduces His strict judgment, saying: The Lord preserves all who love Him, but all the wicked He will destroy (Psalm 145). He joins the cowardly with the unbelieving because the one who fears to face the peril of struggle doubts the reward of victory.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on Rev 21:8 (Commentary on Revelation) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Bede · A.D. 673–735 A.D. 735
“And for all liars, their part will be in the lake burning with fire. He shows that there are many kinds of lies, but the most dangerous and detestable are those that sin against religion, as mentioned above. They say, he says, that they are Jews and are not, but lie, being a synagogue of Satan.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on Rev 21:8 (Commentary on Revelation) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Medieval c. 750 – 1100
Alcuin of York · c. A.D. 735–804 A.D. 804
“THERE FOLLOWS: But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, etc. ANSWER: He always mixes pleasant words with severe ones to instill carefulness into us. As the Psalmist says, The Lord keepeth all them that love him; but all the wicked he will destroy. [Ps. 144:20] He puts the fearful together with the unbelieving because you are afraid to venture into the battle when you doubt the reward of the winner. THERE FOLLOWS: And all liars, they shall have their portion in the pool burning. ANSWER: He shows that there are many kinds of lies; but the most dangerous and most detestable one is the one with which you sin against religion, this being the kind of lie about which he said earlier, "They say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie, for they are the synagogue of Satan." [Rev. 2:9 and 3:9]”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on Rev 21:8 (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MANUAL ON REVELATION) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
470 years pass — nothing from this stretch is hosted yet
Scholastic c. 1100 – 1500
Bonaventure · c. A.D. 1221–1274 1274
“Likewise, Scripture enlightens from below by showing forth the torments of hell. In the Psalm: He rains upon the wicked fiery coals and brimstone; a burning blast is their allotted cup. In the Apocalypse: Their portion shall be in the pool that burns with fire and brimstone. And the smoke of their torments goes up forever and ever. Scripture proposes this from the very beginning where it is said that darkness covered the abyss, until the end. And so Scripture offers internal spectacles, external examples, heavenly promises, and the tortures of hell.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on Rev 21:8 (Collations on the Hexaemeron, Collation 17) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗
Undated date unknown
Oecumenius · c. A.D. 550
“But as for the cowardly and unbelieving and these and those, there will be a portion in the lake of fire. He calls cowardly those who are weak in every good work through voluntary misery. And he says false to all liars. He did not say to the liars but to the false ones, that is, to those who act against nature and, having falsified the natural beauty of virtue, wear counterfeit faces of depravity. And that that fire will be the second death has been said among those who have reached it.”
Historical Christian Faith commentaries database, on Rev 21:8 (Commentary on Revelation) PD · Historical Christian Faith commentaries database ↗

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