Rashi
1040–1105
“master painters Heb. חָרָשֵׁי צִירִים, the master painters of the idols, from among the pagans.”
The interpretation timeline
Isa 45:16
How this passage has been read — the sources, oldest to newest.
From the early Church Fathers to now.
2 Jewish · 1 Catholic
Scholastic
c. 1100 – 1500
1105
A.D.
1167
A.D.
Ibn Ezra
1089–1167
“They shall go with confusion, etc. They that make the idols, and come with honour to those that send for them, shall go, etc. צירים Messengers. Comp. ציר an ambassador (Jer. 49:14). הלכו They shall go. They shall return to their land.”
1274
A.D.
Thomas Aquinas
1225–1274
“Second, he shows their exaltation as to the confusion of their enemies: they are all confounded: the nations shall see, and shall be confounded at all their strength (Mic 7:16).”
Modern · 1953 →
The in-app commentary runs from the Fathers to the early-modern record, then stops — that's where the public-domain sources end, not where the reading does. For the modern reading, follow the sources directly.